中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)
国务院
中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)
（1989年3月21日中华人民共和国国务院令第32号公布 自1989年5月1日起施行）
规定
第一条 为加强对则绘成果的管理，保证测绘成果的合理利用，提高测绘工作的经济效益和社会效益，更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务，制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称测绘成果，是指在陆地、海洋和空间测绘完成的下列基础测绘成果和专业测绘成果：
（一）天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件；
（二）航空和航天遥感测绘底片、磁带；
（三）各种地图（包括地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图和其他有关的专题地图等）；
（四）工程测量数据和图件；
（五）其他有关地理数据；
（六）与测绘成果直接有关的技术资料等。
第三条 国务院测绘行政主管部门主管全国测绘成果的管理和监督工作，并负责组织全国基础测绘成果及其有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门主管本行政区域内测绘成果的管理和监督工作，并负责组织本行政区域内基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府有关部门负责本部门专业测绘成果的管理工作。
军队测绘主管部门负责军事部门测绘成果的管理工作。
第四条 测绘成果应当实行科学管理，建立健全规章制度，运用现代科学技术手段，及时、准确、安全、方便地提供使用。
第五条 测绘成果应当根据公开（公开使用、公开出版）和未公开（内部使用、保密）的不同性质，按照国家有关规定进行管理。
第六条 基础测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密，经国务院测绘行政主管部门会同军队测绘主管部门商国家及军队保密主管部门决定后，由国务院测绘行政主管部门发布。
专业测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密，由有关专业测绘成果管理部门确定，并报同级测绘行政主管部门备案；其密级不得低于原使用的地理底图和其他基础测绘成果的密级。
各部门、各单位使用保密测绘成果，必须按照国家保密法规进行管理。保密测绘成果确需公开使用的，必须按照国家规定进行解密处理。
保密测绘成果的销毁，应当经测绘成果使用单位的县级以上主管部门负责人批准，严格进行登记、造册和监销，并向提供该成果的管理机构备案。
第七条 国务院有关部门和地方有关部门完成的基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果，必须依照规定按年度分别向国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门汇交下列成果目录或者副本：
（一）天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件的目录及副本（一式一份）；
（二）航空、航天遥感测绘底片和磁带的目录（一式一份）；
（三）地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图、其他重要专题地图的目录（一式一份）；
（四）正式印制的各种地图（一式两份）；
（五）有关重大工程测量的数据和图件目录（一式一份）。
第八条 外国人经中华人民共和国政府或者其授权部门批准，在中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内单独测绘或者与中华人民共和国有关部门合作测绘的成果，依据本规定进行管理，其成果的所有权属分别为：
（一）外国人或者外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境内测制的测绘成果，均属中华人民共和国所有；
（二）外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果，应当在不违反本规定的前提下，由双方按合同规定分享；
（三）外国人在中华人民共各国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果，必须向中华人民共和国测绘行政主管部门提供全部测绘成果的副本或者复制件。
第九条 需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市的基础测绘成果的单位，必须持本省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门的公函，向该成果所在省、自治区、直辖市的测绘行政主管部门办理使用手续。
需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市专业测绘成果的单位，按专业成果所属部门规定的办法执行。
第十条 军事部门需要使用政府部门测绘成果的，由总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门，通过国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门统一办理。
政府部门或者单位需要使用军事部门测绘成果的，由国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门，通过总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门统一办理。
第十一条 测绘行政主管部门应当对本行政区域内测制的测绘成果负责质量监督管理。
各有关部门和单位测制的测绘成果，必须经过检查验收，质量合格后方能提供使用。
第十二条 测绘成果实行有偿提供。有偿提供测绘成果的办法和收费标准由国务院测绘行政主管部门商有关测绘成果的管理部门后，会同国务院物价行政主管部门另行规定。
第十三条 测绘成果不得擅自复制、转让或者转借。确需复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的，必须经提供该测绘成果的部门批准；复制保密的测绘成果，还必须按照原密级管理。
受委托完成的测绘成果，受托单位未经委托单位同意不得复制、翻印、转让、出版。
第十四条 国务院有关部门对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果，必须报经国务院测绘行政主管部门批准。地方有关部门和单位对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果，必须报经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门批准。为了确保重要军事设施的安全保密，各送
审单位对外提供未公开的测绘成果的具体办法，按国务院的有关规定执行。
第十五条 中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内的重要地理数据（包括位置、高程、深度、面积、长度等），应当经国务院测绘行政主管部门审核报国务院批准后，由国务院或者其授权部门发布。
第十六条 对测绘成果管理做出重大贡献或者显著成绩的单位和个人，予以表扬或者奖励。
第十七条 测绘成果质量不合格给用户造成损失的，由该测绘成果的测绘单位赔偿直接经济损失，并负责补测或者重测；情节严重的，由测绘行政主管部门处以罚款或者取消其相应的测绘资格。
第十八条 有下列行为之一的单位，按以下规定，给予行政处罚：
（一）对违反国家规定的测绘成果收费标准，擅自提价收取测绘成果费用的，依照《中华人民共和国价格管理条例》的规定没收其非法所得，可以并处相当于非法所得金额三至五倍的罚款；
（二）对发生重大测绘成果泄密事故的，由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评，并按本规定第十九条规定追究单位负责人的责任。
（三）对未经提供测绘成果的部门批准，擅自复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的，由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评，可以并处罚款。
第十九条 有下列行为之一的个人，由其所在单位或者该单位的上级主管机关给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任：
（一）丢失保密测绘成果，或者造成测绘成果泄密事故的；
（二）未按本规定第十四条规定履行报批手续，擅自对外提供未公开的测绘成果的；
（三）测绘成果管理人员不履行职责，致使测绘成果遭受重大损失，或者擅自提供未公开的测绘成果的；
（四）测绘成果丢失或者泄密造成严重后果以及对造成测绘成果丢失或者泄密事故不查处的单位负责人。
第二十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的，可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内，向作出处罚决定部门的上级行政主管部门申请复议；对复议决定不服的，可以在接到复议决定次日起十五日内，向人民法院起诉；当事人也可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内，直接向人民法院起诉，期满不起诉又不执行的，由作出处罚决定的行政主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十一条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院有关部门和军队，可以依照本规定结合实际制定实施办法。
第二十二条 本规定由国务院测绘行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十三条 本规定自1989年5月1日起施行。
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
(Promulgated by Decree No. 32 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on March 21, 1989 and effective as of May 1, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to strengthening the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing, ensuring the
rational use of achievements in survey and drawing, and increasing the
economic and social benefits of survey and drawing so as to render a
better service in socialist modernization.
Article 2
The "achievements in survey and drawing", as mentioned in these
Provisions, refer to the following achievements in basic survey and
drawing and in specialized survey and drawing that are completed on land,
at seas and oceans, and in space:
(1) the data and pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey,
geodetic survey completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational
survey;
(2) the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic tapes, that are collected
from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing survey;
(3) various kinds of maps (including topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other relevant specialized maps);
(4) the data and pictures from engineering survey;
(5) other relevant geographical data; and
(6) technical data directly related to achievements in survey and drawing.
Article 3
The competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing
under the State Council shall be in charge of the administration of and
supervision over the achievements in survey and drawing of the whole
country, and shall also be responsible for the organizational work for the
reception, collection, sorting out, storage, and provision for use, on a
nationwide scale, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the
people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of
the administration of and supervision over the achievements in survey and
drawing within their respective administrative areas, and shall also be
responsible for the organizational work for the reception, collection,
sorting out, storage, and provision for use, within their respective
administrative areas, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and
the relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing.
The departments concerned under the State Council and the departments
concerned under the People's governments of various provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
responsible for the administration of the achievements in specialized
survey and drawing of their respective departments. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces shall be responsible for the administration of the achievements in
survey and drawing in military departments.
Article 4
With respect to achievements in survey and drawing, scientific
administration shall be practised, rules and regulations be instituted and
perfected and modern scientific and technical means be employed so as to
provide the achievements for timely, accurate, safe and convenient use.
Article 5
The achievements in survey and drawing shall, in light of their different
natures-those open to the public (i.e. to be openly used, or openly
published), and those kept from the public (i.e. to be used only within
restricted departments, or kept confidential), be administered in
accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 6
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in basic survey and drawing shall be promulgated by the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the State Council after the competent authorities for the administration
of survey and drawing under the State Council and the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces have jointly consulted with the competent authorities for guarding
secrets of both the State and the armed forces.
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in specialized survey and drawing shall be determined by the
department concerned for the administration of achievements in specialized
survey and drawing and they shall also be reported to the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing at the same level
for the record; and their classes of security shall not be lower than
those of the originally used geographical base maps and of other
achievements in basic survey and drawing.
Various departments and units must, in using classified achievements in
survey and drawing, carry out administration in accordance with the
relevant laws and regulations of the State on guarding secrets. In the
event that classified achievements in survey and drawing have to be used
openly, they must go through the process of declassification in accordance
with the relevant regulations of the State.
The destruction of classified achievements in survey and drawing shall be
approved by the person in charge of the competent authorities at or above
the county level of the user unit of the said achievements in survey and
drawing. The classified achievements in survey and drawing to be destroyed
shall be duly registered and recorded, and then destroyed under
supervision; and the destruction shall also be reported, for the record,
to the administrative department that had provided the said achievements.
Article 7
With respect to the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing made by the
departments concerned under the State Council and by the local departments
concerned, the departments mentioned above must submit annually, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, to the competent authorities for the
administration of survey and drawing under the State Council or to the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, a catalogue or its
duplicate listing the following achievements:
(1) a catalogue and its duplicate (one copy of each) of the data and
pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey, geodetic survey
completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational survey;
(2) a catalogue (one copy) of the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic
tapes, that are collected from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing
survey;
(3) a catalogue (one copy) of topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other important specialized maps;
(4) various kinds of officially printed maps (in duplicate);
(5) a catalogue (one copy) of the data and pictures collected from survey
of important engineering projects.
Article 8
The achievements - made in survey and drawing by foreigners independently
or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic
of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or
outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas that are under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, with the approval of the
government of the People's Republic of China or the approval of a
department authorized by it - shall be administered in accordance with
these Provisions. The proprietary rights of the aforesaid achievements
are stipulated as follows:
(1) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners
independently or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the
People's Republic of China within the territory of the People's Republic
of China shall all belong to the People's Republic of China;
(2) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners in
cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic of
China, outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall, on the premise of
not violating these Provisions, be shared between the two parties
concerned in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant contract;
(3) with respect to those achievements made in survey and drawing by
foreigners independently outside the land territory of the People's
Republic of China, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China, the aforesaid foreigners must provide the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing of the People's
Republic of China with a duplicate or a reproduction of all the
achievements made in their survey and drawing.
Article 9
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in basic
survey and drawing made by other provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the said unit shall
go through the procedures for the use of the aforesaid achievements in
survey and drawing by presenting an official letter written by the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under
the Central Government where the unit is located, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government where the achievements have been made.
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
specialized survey and drawing of other provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the case shall be
handled in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the department,
under whose administration the aforesaid achievements in specialized
survey and drawing are placed.
Article 10
Where a military department has the necessity to make use of the
achievements in survey and drawing made by government departments, the
case shall be handled in a unified manner by the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the
Headquarters of the General Staff, or by the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under military region
or the services, in cooperation with the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the people's
governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where a government
department or a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
survey and drawing made by military departments, the case shall be handled
by the competent authorities for the administration of achievements in
survey and drawing under the State Council, or by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under Central Government, in
cooperation with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under the Headquarters of the General
Staff, or with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under military region or the services.
Article 11
The competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey
and drawing shall be responsible for the quality control and
administration of the achievements in survey and drawing made within the
boundaries of their own administrative areas. The achievements in survey
and drawing made by the various departments and units concerned must be
subject to the procedures for checking up and acceptance; and only those
which are up to the standard shall be provided for use.
Article 12
The provisions of achievements in survey and drawing shall be non-
gratuitous. The procedures and the rate of fees for the non-gratuitous
provision of achievements in survey and drawing shall be stipulated
separately, after consultation with the administrative department for the
achievements in survey and drawing in question, by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the State Council in conjunction with the competent authorities for
the administration of commodity prices.
Article 13
Achievements in survey and drawing shall not be duplicated, transferred or
lent out without permission. Where it is truly necessary to duplicate,
transfer or lend out achievements in survey and drawing, the approval from
the department that is to provide the needed achievements in survey and
drawing must be obtained; where the classified achievements in survey and
drawing are duplicated, they must be subjected to the administration
corresponding to the original security class.
As regards achievements in survey and drawing made through entrustment by
unit, the trustee unit may not duplicate, reprint, transfer, or publish
the said achievements without the permission of the entrusting unit.
Article 14
When a department concerned under the State Council provides a foreign
party with achievements in survey and drawing of the People's Republic of
China that have not yet become open, the said department must submit the
case, for approval, to the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing. When a local department or unit
concerned provides a foreign party with achievements in survey and drawing
of the People's Republic of China that have not yet become open, the said
department or unit must submit the case, for approval, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's government of a province, an autonomous region, or a
municipality directly under the Central Government. In order to safeguard
the security and secrets of important military installations, the specific
measures for all units which submit for examinations any achievements in
survey and drawing to be provided for the use of a foreign party and that
have not yet become open shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the
State Council.
Article 15
The important geographical data (including position, altitude, depth,
area, and length) collected in the territory of the People's Republic of
China and in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic
of China, shall be submitted, for examination and verification, to the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing under the State Council, and then to the State Council for
approval before they are published by the State Council or by its
authorized agencies.
Article 16
Units and individuals that have made great contributions to, or achieved
remarkable results in, the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing shall be commended or rewarded.
Article 17
If the inferior quality of the achievements in survey and drawing has
resulted in losses on the part of the user, the unit that has undertaken
the said survey and drawing shall compensate for the direct economic
losses mentioned above, and be responsible for conducting supplementary
survey and drawing; if the case is serious, the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall impose a
fine on the said unit or revoke its corresponding qualifications for
survey and drawing.
Article 18
Any unit that has committed one of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanctions in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) with respect to a unit which, in violation of the state provisions on
the rate of fees for the provision of achievements in survey and drawing,
has raised and collected without authorization the charges for
achievements in survey and drawing, the illegal gains of the said unit
shall be confiscated in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Prices, and a fine
equal to 3 to 5 times the said illegal gains may be imposed concurrently;
(2) with respect to a unit which has been held responsible for a major
divulgence of classified achievements in survey and drawing, the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
shall issue a circular criticizing the said unit, and the responsibilities
of the person-in-charge of the said unit shall be investigated in
accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Provisions;
(3) with respect to a unit which has duplicated, transferred, or lent out
achievements in survey and drawing without the approval from the
department that provides the said achievements, the competent authorities
for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall issue a
circular criticizing the said unit, and a fine may also be imposed
concurrently.
Article 19
An individual who has committed any of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanction by the unit where he/she works, or by its higher
competent authorities; if the act has constituted a crime, the criminal
responsibilities of the offender shall be investigated by judicial organs
according to law:
(1) an individual who has lost classified achievements in survey and
drawing, or who is held responsible for the divulgence of secret
achievements in survey and drawing;
(2) an individual who, in violation of the stipulation in Article 14 of
these Provisions regarding the procedures for examination and approval,
has provided without permission a foreign party with achievements in
survey and drawing that have not yet become open;
(3) the administrative personnel who have failed to carry out their duties
in safeguarding achievements in survey and drawing and caused great losses
or damage to the achievements in survey and drawing; or they have
provided, without permission, those achievements that have not yet become
open;
(4) an individual who has lost achievements in survey and drawing or
divulged secrets in this regard and caused serious consequences, and the
person-in-charge of the unit who fails to investigate and deal with such
incidents.
Article 20
If a party concerned refuses to accept the decision on administrative
sanction, he/she may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of
the notification on the administrative sanction, apply for reconsideration
to the competent administrative department at a higher level than the
department that has made the said administrative sanction; if the said
party does not accept the decision made after the reconsideration, he/she
may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of the
reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's court; the party
concerned may also directly bring a suit before a people's court within 15
days beginning from the second day of the receipt of the sanction
decision; if the party concerned neither brings a suit before the court,
nor carries out the sanction decision, the competent administrative
department that made the sanction decision shall apply to the people's
court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 21
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the departments
concerned under the State Council, and the armed forces may formulate
rules for the implementation of these Provisions in accordance with these
Provisions and in the light of their respective conditions.
Article 22
The rights to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the State
Council.
Article 23
These Provisions shall go into effect on May 1, 1989.
劳教戒毒的成本分析
江苏省句东劳教所 李 颖
【摘要】劳教戒毒是目前我国戒毒体制中强制戒毒体系的一个重要组成部分，历史的、体制的原因使得劳教戒毒工作困难重重。本文运用经济学成本分析方法来考察劳教戒毒成本的构成及成本投入的影响因素，并在此基础上提出从改革行政运作机制和人事体制、加强戒毒预算分配管理入手，有效实现劳教戒毒成本科学投入、戒毒资源合理配置的途径，以期“以合理的劳教戒毒成本投入，获得理想的社会效益”，从而切实发挥劳教戒毒应有的功能和作用。
【关键词】劳教戒毒 成本分析
一、概述
（一）劳教戒毒的概念
劳教戒毒，在目前我国戒毒体制中是强制性戒毒体系的一个重要组成部分，由司法行政机关主管的专门劳教戒毒所和综合性劳教所中设置的承担戒毒任务的戒毒大队负责具体的戒毒事务。法律依据是《全国人大常委会关于禁毒的决定》（以下简称《禁毒决定》），“强制戒除后又吸食、注射毒品的，可以实行劳动教养，并在劳动教养中强制戒除。”（全国第三次禁毒会议之后对这一规定进行了政策性调整，即复吸一律送劳动教养）
（二）戒毒模式概述
戒毒模式，受一个国家或地区的法律制度、文化、习俗、观念以及卫生医疗水平等因素的综合影响。
目前，我国的戒毒治疗模式有：
1、自愿戒毒：吸毒人员自愿到社会上开设的戒毒所戒除毒瘾。自愿戒毒机构由卫生部门主管，公安机关负责监督。时限一般为10~20天，主要目的是帮助吸毒人员生理脱瘾，摆脱身体对毒品的依赖。
2、强制戒毒：是由各级人民政府根据需要设立的长期性或临时性戒毒所，由公安机关管理，卫生部门监督。被强制戒毒的对象是《禁毒决定》第八条规定：“吸食、注射毒品成瘾的，由公安机关规定给予处罚外，予以强制戒除，进行治疗教育……”时限一般为3~6个月，最长不超过1年。强制戒毒机构实行与外界隔绝的办法，按照半军事化的规范，进行强化训练、教育和管理，使其心理毒瘾得到控制、减弱和消除。
3、劳教戒毒：（见上述概念）。时限为1~3年。除对戒毒者进行药物治疗、心理治疗和其他康复工作，还需对其进行强制性的政治思想、法制、文化、技术教育。
国外戒毒治疗一般以医疗模式为主，主要有：
（1） 短期住院治疗：3~6周，门诊。
（2） 社区治疗：1~2年。
（3） 门诊戒毒治疗：时间不定。
（4） 美沙酮维持治疗：长期。
二、劳教戒毒的成本、成本构成与分析
（一）成本的概念
成本是经济学中的一个重要概念，是指“企业为生产产品、提供劳务而发生的各种耗费”。一般说来，只有企业收益超过企业成本，才有效益可言。戒毒工作也是一项投资，要想获得收益，也要投入一定的成本，这就是戒毒成本。戒毒成本，是指戒毒工作部门为了达到一定的戒毒目的而投入的全部资源的总和，包括在戒毒工作中所耗费的人力、物力资源和其他社会资源。
（二）劳教戒毒成本及构成
劳教戒毒成本，是指劳教戒毒机关为了达到戒毒劳教人员戒除毒瘾，使之顺利回归社会的目的，而投入的人力、物力、时间等司法资源以及其他社会资源。
结合劳教戒毒工作复杂多样的特点，我们可以依照不同标准对劳教戒毒成本作出不同分类：依是否在戒毒工作中直接产生的耗费和执法过错，将劳教戒毒成本划分为直接成本、间接成本和过错成本；依是否随外界情势变化，将其划分为固定成本和变动成本；依是否与经济因素有关，将其划分为经济成本和非经济成本。进行成本分类，有助于进一步理解成本的含义及其作用，从而有效地提供和使用各种成本信息，提高成本管理水平。具体分析如下：
1、直接成本、间接成本和过错成本
直接成本：指与劳教戒毒工作有直接关系的成本。如，警察的薪金（直接人工），戒毒治疗、检验物质耗费（直接材料）。
间接成本：指与劳教戒毒工作没有直接关系的成本。如，日常行政性开支。
过错成本：是指劳教戒毒机关对戒毒劳教人员的不当管理及治疗措施的错误运用所造成的耗费，作为劳教戒毒成本只是一种可能的成本支出，并非任何劳教戒毒单位、任何矫正治疗措施必须支付的成本。
过错成本的发生原因：（1）民警的不当管理，如非法或不当使用警械具，造成戒毒劳教人员身体、心理、精神的损伤甚至死亡。再如，处理戒毒劳教人员违纪、违法案件中，因刑讯逼供致伤、致残甚至致死人员事件。（2）矫正措施、治疗方案的不当运用。如药物的误用、体能训练过度所致伤害。
以上只列举了工作中的几种常见现象，实际上，戒毒治疗中的一些过错成本是不可避免的。一方面由于人们的认知局限，另一方面则缘于治疗技术、矫正方案的圈囿，即不完善性。当然，在工作中我们是可以采取各种有效措施减少工作中的过错成本。
区别直接与间接成本和过错成本，目的在便于“借此考核成本分配的合理性，从而也推动成本计算制度的创新”。
2、固定成本与变动成本
固定成本与变动成本，都是就短期成本而言，长期成本都是可变的。
固定成本是为了维护劳教戒毒工作的正常运转，由国家财政担负的机关日常性开支，如，办公场所、设施，车辆的使用与维修，警察的薪金，固定资产折旧费，保险费等。
变动成本是在一定时期以内随外界情势等相关情况的变化而变化的费用支出。如，政策调整，加大对吸毒行为的打击力度，造成收容人数的增加；应付突发事件的预留资金，包括对戒毒劳教人员制造的所内事件的处置，对相关人员采取的羁押和强制措施，对脱逃人员的抓捕、跟踪等要支付的费用。
3、经济成本与非经济成本
经济成本是戒毒工作所必须的经济耗费，包括办公费用、警察薪金、基本建设经费等。
非经济成本是指经济成本以外的其他成本，如社会心理成本。社会心理成本“是指社会民众对在侦查活动影响下的社会治安状况所抱的一种心理态度，具体指针对犯罪行为而实施的侦查活动在执行过程中对民众所产生的一种心理影响，也可说是一种民众对国家公权力对其私权利造成侵犯的心理印象。如果侦查活动合法有序地进行，所采用侦查手段对民众权利造成的侵犯越少，则民众会感到更安全，社会心理成本越小。”在劳教戒毒工作中，社会心理成本就是民众对国家采取劳教戒毒这一强制戒毒措施的心理反映，如果此项工作对戒毒劳教人员的权利侵犯越少，手段越科学，管理越文明，社会效益越高，则民众会感到越满意，社会心理成本就越小。
劳动教养法律制度在国内外争议颇大，存废之争持续已久，其影响已上升到人权（公民权）保护、法治目标的实现、国家政治形象。因此，考虑并重视劳教戒毒工作的非经济成本，尤其是社会心理成本已是大势之趋。
4、机会成本
机会成本是“在具有稀缺性的世界里作出一项决策而不作出另一决策时所放弃的东西”。现代西方经济学中，通常区分使用三种不同的成本概念：机会成本、会计成本、经济成本。对经济学家而言，其中最重要的是机会成本（opportunity cost）。美国经济学家保尔•萨穆尔认为，“做决定具有机会成本，因为在一个稀缺的世界中，选择一个东西意味着放弃其他的一些东西。机会成本是被错过的商品和服务的价格。”同样，在劳教戒毒模式的选择上，也存在机会成本的问题。目前，国内外流行着诸种内容窘异、风格效用各不相同的戒毒模式，如何在符合戒毒价值目标的前提下，选择一个与劳教戒毒相融合的、科学的、有效的、经济的戒毒模式，是机会成本要考虑的问题，也是劳教戒毒工作者不能回避的首要课题。如，国际上流行的“多维度家庭治疗”模式，其治疗的关键是必须有人、有时间对戒毒青少年进行不间断地全程跟踪观察和监督。若将其引用到劳教戒毒中来就是大失理智的愚笨之举，在现有警力就很紧张的情况下，我们不可能有足够的人员和时间投入至如此昂贵的运作。劳教戒毒所做不到，社会上的自愿戒毒机构也不可能做到。即便是（部分试点单位）已经引用到劳教戒毒中的社区治疗（TC）模式也存在着工作原理、组织原则、管理规则、实施程序上与劳教戒毒模式的融合问题（或制度的移植与本土化）。故而，机会成本分析不可或缺。
（三）劳教戒毒成本分析
“成本分析，是按照一定的原则，采用一定的方法，根据成本计划、成本核算资料和其他相关资料，对成本完成情况进行全面分析，查明成本升降的原因，寻求降低成本的途径和方法，达到以较少资金耗费取得较大经济效益的目的。”这是经济学上对成本分析的定义。我们所讲的劳教戒毒的成本分析在采用经济学成本分析方法、技术的同时，应当注意与经济学概念的区分。微观经济学中，企业关注的是如何以最小的成本投入获取最大的利润，即追求效益的最大化。而在司法活动中，这是很难实现的，原因在于法律成本与一般的生产成本有着严格的区别。最典型的例子就是社会心理成本，即无法用物质的、经济的标准去衡量、去量化。因而对劳教戒毒成本进行量化分析就不能简单地套用经济学的内容了。
根据劳教戒毒工作的实际，将劳教戒毒成本分析的目的定位为：正确测定戒毒成本计划的完成情况，客观评价责任单位的工作业绩；揭示差异原因，把握戒毒成本变动规律，逐步提高成本管理水平。
成本分析方法：
